How to write 500 word essay
Pitt Essay Topics
Thursday, September 3, 2020
J.B.Priestleyââ¬â¢s play, An Inspector Calls :: English Literature
An overseer calls' - what is the fundamental message and is it still important today? We get the feeling that she is a when Priestly includes, ââ¬Ëvery satisfied with lifeââ¬â¢. She is uninformed to the universe of the regular workers, and is continually encompassed by her wealth without thinking about the lives of others. During the commitment party, Gerald gives Sheila an wedding band. This is to speak to their relationship and love. Her words on accepting the blessing are ââ¬ËOh ââ¬Gerald-youââ¬â¢ve got itââ¬â¢. The interruption in her sentence demonstrates the energy in her voice. She at that point turns out to be extremely engaged with the present-like a kid accepting a birthday present. Mr. Birling is going to deliver his discourse about the war furthermore, the Titanic, notwithstanding, he stops when he understands that Sheila may not be tuning in, as she is just focusing on her ring. This is what a kid may do while accepting a toy. This likewise with both her ââ¬Ëmummyââ¬â¢ and her dad gives us the feeling that these individuals are irritating and makes us detest them. WHOM 2 BLAME After the auditor goes out, they are stunned, however then think about the thought whether the investigator truly is the person he professes to be and they arrive at the resolution that he isn't a reviewer after all. They locate this out by reaching the police who at that point unfurl the truth about him. The play completes when the police calls saying a youngster passed on and a reviewer is headed to the Birling house. I think the entire play is significant and a genuine case of aggregate obligation. You comprehend the difficult which follows the conduct of those individuals. The substance shows the terrible treatment of a ââ¬Å"normal ââ¬Å"family towards an individual, who lives on a lower social standard, without understanding that they crush this personââ¬â¢s life. This is as huge for the general public of that time all things considered for the society voluntarily. This will never show signs of change. The play needs to show that needy individuals didn't get an opportunity to completely change themselves to improve it. This is just conceivable in our reality and presently. My principle explanation behind reasoning that Mrs. Birling is dependable is since she was not just the last advance before Eva/Daisy took her life but since in my eyes she was the most remarkable one. Eva/Daisy was at a period where she was generally passionate and she more likely than not been feeling J.B.Priestleyââ¬â¢s play, An Inspector Calls :: English Literature An assessor calls' - what is the fundamental message and is it still pertinent today? We get the feeling that she is a when Priestly includes, ââ¬Ëvery satisfied with lifeââ¬â¢. She is oblivious to the universe of the common laborers, and is continually encompassed by her wealth without thinking about the lives of others. During the commitment party, Gerald gives Sheila an wedding band. This is to speak to their relationship and love. Her words on accepting the blessing are ââ¬ËOh ââ¬Gerald-youââ¬â¢ve got itââ¬â¢. The delay in her sentence demonstrates the energy in her voice. She at that point turns out to be engaged with the present-like a youngster getting a birthday present. Mr. Birling is going to give his discourse about the war furthermore, the Titanic, nonetheless, he stops when he understands that Sheila may not be tuning in, as she is just focusing on her ring. This is what a kid may do while getting a toy. This likewise with both her ââ¬Ëmummyââ¬â¢ and her dad gives us the feeling that these individuals are irritating and makes us hate them. WHOM 2 BLAME After the monitor goes out, they are stunned, yet then think about the thought whether the investigator truly is the person he professes to be and they arrive at the resolution that he isn't an investigator after all. They locate this out by reaching the police who at that point unfurl the truth about him. The play completes when the police calls saying a youngster passed on and an investigator is en route to the Birling house. I think the entire play is significant and a genuine case of aggregate duty. You comprehend the difficult which follows the conduct of those individuals. The substance shows the awful treatment of a ââ¬Å"normal ââ¬Å"family towards an individual, who lives on a lower social standard, without understanding that they obliterate this personââ¬â¢s life. This is as critical for the general public of that time all things considered for the society time permitting. This will never show signs of change. The play needs to show that needy individuals didn't get an opportunity to transform themselves to improve it. This is just conceivable in our reality and presently. My primary explanation behind reasoning that Mrs. Birling is capable is since she was not just the last advance before Eva/Daisy took her life but since in my eyes she was the most impressive one. Eva/Daisy was at a period where she was generally enthusiastic and she more likely than not been feeling
Wednesday, August 26, 2020
Use the literature to identify the internal and external factors which Essay
Utilize the writing to distinguish the inward and outside elements which influence the decision of market section technique and lead research on those for your specific case - Essay Example The information utilized in the distinguishing proof of the inward and outside components was gotten from a report by the Korean Government and inside examination by IKEA on its productivity and qualities. This inside outside investigation of elements is given in full in the index area of the paper with close references in the body of the report. The researcherââ¬â¢s obligation to outside writing and thoughts is appeared in the content (in text references) and in full in the book reference area of the investigation. Direct sending out structures the most fundamental method of trading that IKEA can use in the section of its items into the Korean market (Doole and Lowe, 2008). In view of the solid budgetary presentation of the organization in the earlier year, IKEA can effectively appreciate from decreased expenses because of economies of scale from packed creation in the nation of origin by legitimately sending out its items into the Korean market and accordingly getting a charge out of control of the dissemination chains. The organization can either utilize salesmen or bringing in wholesalers in the Korean market. The agents will be contained remote providers and makes of the IKEA items in the Korean market working for a built up commission of deals (Lymbersky, 2008). This will be invaluable to IKEA as the salespeople will offer help benefits in the outside nation. Bringing in merchants can be utilized by the organization to buy the items legitimately from IKEA in their own privilege and exchang e these items in the Korean market as wholesalers, retailer or a blend of both. These bringing in merchants are most appropriate for passage of items that are conveyed in stock, for example, the machines and furniture items fabricated by IKEA. A diversifying understanding is a framework where a semi-autonomous entrepreneur (franchisee) pays sovereignties and expenses to a parent organization (franchiser) as an end-result of the privilege of ID of the franchisee to the trademark, offer of products and use
Saturday, August 22, 2020
Lord Of The Flies: Chapter 9-12 Notes :: essays research papers
1. After Simon is slaughtered, the following section starts, "The mists open and let the downpour down like a waterfallâ⬠¦" When the young men murder Simon they execute him and otherworldliness, however what they see to be the brute. Since the brute was made by them and encapsulated the entirety of their shades of malice, one of its understandings can be as humanity's transgression. Simon is fundamentally the same as Jesus in this book. The Roman's managed the world during Jesus' life, and now a comparative savage society administers the island during Simon's life. Both are slaughtered by such a general public, and both penance themselves with the goal that humankind's wrongdoing can be pardoned. At the point when Simon bites the dust, the downpour washes away otherworldliness, yet additionally the brute and the entirety of the wrongdoings that go with it. Golding composes that the water limited from the peak. Since the peak spoke to the pinnacle of society, this could be deciphered to express that all of society conveys sin, even its great snapshots, and that Simon's penance was stretched out to the young men's whole remain on the island and the transgression that was submitted during that timeframe. This is additionally like Jesus' penance that was for the entirety of humankind's transgressions, not simply the wrongdoings of the Roman culture that slaughtered him. After Simon has been slaughtered, the figures amaze away. By alluding to the young men as figures, they are no longer people, however the anonymous men who are the vehicle that society uses to do its malevolent deeds. It is no longer of pertinence who did what since it was the whole society that executed Simon. This can be identified with different social orders, for example, Nazi Germany. Today Hitler is credited with the greater part of the duty regarding World War II. We don't care to censure German culture for it since that would imply that we are additionally fit for this on the off chance that we needed to persevere through the conditions of 1940's Germany. We can't censure the German race for these issues, as they are a quality of mankind. We battled World War II against the powers of bigotry, however we ourselves treated the Japanese inadequately while the entirety of this was going on. In spite of the fact that we too experienced the downturn, we didn't have the states of the Treaty of Versailles against us. At the point when any general public has such ghastly conditions, they will in general search for a substitute, for example, a race of individuals.
Analyzing The Sopranos First Episode
Examining The Soprano's First Episode Maybe a topic of the main scene of The Sopranos is the possibility that even individuals who do terrible things and execute others endure pressure and love their families simply like any other person. This is especially stressed with the occasional scenes with the therapist and with the occasions wretchedness is talked about. I envision the tone of this demonstrate to be a dim parody. In that capacity, I would outwardly make a dull climate with diminish lighting and a general dark shade. I would likewise ensure that actorsââ¬â¢ exhibitions are not very sensational or strong and I would stress the physical parody, for example, the scene wherein Chris and Big Pussy battle to get Emilââ¬â¢s body into a dumpster and end up simply propping it facing the side. Also, stable and music decision enormously affects tone. I would ensure that the going with score is light and not very passionate so as to guarantee that the comedic part of the conceivably dull show isn't lost on watchers. Since I found the scene, as composed, so interesting, I chose to break down the one depict above in which Chris and Big Pussy attempt to discard Emil. In the show itself, I was disappointed by the physical amusingness of attempting to hurl the body into the dumpster. It bodes well that the body would not be flung exceptionally high, however I envisioned it flying higher which, for reasons unknown, appears to be progressively entertaining to me. As though they nearly could have gotten the body in. Seeing the circumstance, in any case, it appears to be a little strange that theyââ¬â¢re in any event, attempting, which is likely the genuine expected funniness. I thought that it was a disgrace that they cut the entirety of the remainder of the playing with the body (however I notice that all through the show, they have made numerous slices to keep the activity and story tight). Beside this, the entertainer of Chris works superbly showing up glad and decided (with his ââ¬Å"sleeps with the fishesâ⬠quote) and Big Pussy adequately exasperated. This is stressed by Big Pussyââ¬â¢s worked relaxing. I likewise found that the line change toward the finish of the scene moved the force dynamic a piece. While the content caused it to appear Big Pussy felt Chris was underneath him and disgraceful of hearing an answer (ââ¬Å"Iââ¬â¢m going to tell you?â⬠) the showââ¬â¢s (ââ¬Å"Why would you even ask that?â⬠) is far less deigning. As far as camera work, I love the manner in which wide shots build up how high the waste canister is. Furthermore, the slice to a fix of the body falling over when Big Pussy clarifies that there are contrasts in the middle of the present circumstance and the one from The Godfather underlines the strangeness and cleverness in their own terrible circumstance. In this regard, the camerawork permits the full degree of the satire showed by the on-screen characters to be explicitly evident for the watchers. On the off chance that I needed to guide another person in how to keep up consistency for the show, I would start with keeping up the general funny tone. As a suspected before I even viewed the scene, having a cheerful soundtrack is foremost to keeping this dim arrangement funny. Moreover, huge complexities in brilliantly lit shots and dim, shadowy ones in scenes of ââ¬Å"normalâ⬠family fun versus scenes of homicide, for instance is additionally key to underscore the division in the charactersââ¬â¢ own lives. Regarding execution, the show likewise depends on Tommy effectively executing a burdensome, on edge job covered by a regularly bogus inclination, nearly diverted sort of joy filling in as his self-broadcasted ââ¬Å"sad clownâ⬠outside. Carmela, in the interim, ought to stew with distress, disappointment, and even displeasure as she watches her family her duping spouse, her inaccessible girl float from her. There are various plot strings set up in this first scene that could develop into a full story. To start, Carmelaââ¬â¢s relationship with her girl ought to be followed. Also, watchers likely would need to see Tommy keep on visiting a therapist and check whether the Prozac starts to work. (In the event that it does, it is acceptable to perceive how that changes the manner in which he acts.) It would be fascinating to see whether Chris will ever gain Tormmyââ¬â¢s regard and afterward, obviously, thereââ¬â¢s the subject of what Junior intends to do to ââ¬Å"take careâ⬠of Tommy.
Friday, August 21, 2020
Women In 20th Century Europe
Ladies In twentieth Century Europe Ladies are the endowments; they are a blessing from God since they have an indispensable job in each impact of our life. From being newborn child till development an individual simply need his mom to take care of him, to control him, to rouse him, to cherish and to support him. (Youthful, 2010) Those tragic who had lost their mom during adolescence can more readily comprehend the significance of ladies. Ladies can serve men in each structure that is a mother care for her kid since birth, at that point a sister helps her sibling in tackling his issues, a spouse underpins her better half so as to make him effective lastly a little girl holds her dads turn in request to share weight and troubles. Job of ladies can never be overlooked. They are a basic component since years and are battling a ton for their family, their kids and for their state. Before fifteenth century ladies were not given such respects, regard and respect as in today; yet after eighteenth century ladies took the test to demonstrate them as material by serving the world during World Wars (Pepek, 2000). After the approaches of French Revolution, there were emergencies wherever that is, monetary emergencies, individuals couldn't get together their needs in light of ascend in bread costs, at that point budgetary emergencies in light of France being bankrupt, social emergencies, and so forth. The two ladies and kids were treated in a merciless way, they were compromised, forced and a great many ladies and youngsters got dead. Because of which individuals begin to move from Europe to different pieces of the world (Stoff, 2008). Individuals before eighteenth century were not particularly instructed, they were uneducated who dont realize the distinction among good and bad, they were solid so they had managed over ladies. Because of poor degree of instruction, ladies were unconscious of their fundamental rights so they keep the guidelines of their general public that is they did likewise as their moms and sisters did in past. They think about them as sub-par and men as predominant position (Helms, 1997). In Europe ladies were not permitted to enter in any legitimate position, they were not a piece of business world; they were not permitted to move past the four dividers of house. Ladies were intrigued to serve their country, so they themselves hold authority and drove out specific developments for freedom (Tudor, 2000). In reality after French Revolution, a few wars and occasions were directed that is First World War and Second World War, Napoleon Era, Colonial period, Civil Pact, Russian Revolution, European Union, Cold War, and so forth. In every single such occasion ladies assumed an indispensable job; substantiated themselves as materialistic, they hold weapons, they fill in as medical caretakers, they drove out developments for autonomy, they did food strikes, and so forth. At last in twentieth century ladies entered in business world; they upgraded their degree of instruction, their market understanding and found a way to advance various their forces. After European Union, ladies immediately picked up autonomy, they move out from their homes to work alongside men. They picked up casting a ballot rights and their essence was then affirmed by government. Clarification: Ladies have worked for such a long time that it can't be confined to presentation just and in the event that the theme is on European ladies, at that point one can talk about up to forever and a day since history has examined a ton about their endeavors. Ladies consistently had a compelling and incredible job in the success, prosperity and development of any gathering of individuals (Radek, 2006). These jobs have changed relying upon the timespan, topography and race of the individuals. As clarified over that before eighteenth century European ladies proceeded as an overseer, as a medical caretaker or as a mother, yet ladies of twentieth century was a ruler, a warrior, experts or an educator. Talking about ladies of Europe then they are famous for their difficult work, boldness and valor. Other than being hirelings or the person who had confronted a ton of limitations they were as yet had a ton of enthusiasm and soul to demonstrate them. Later ladies turned into a specialist to fulfill requirements of individuals, to determine their issues and to improve life states of ladies in European Union (Helms, 1997). During the hours of war, European families experienced money related emergencies, in that period, they were under advantaged to hold hirelings so ladies worked like slaves, that is, other than holding family unit obligations they worked a great deal for opportunity developments (Pepek, 2000). Typically their day start with lighting the fire, at that point draining the cows, and making cream and spread, that what the way of life of poor European ladies then they spent the majority of her early daytime getting ready nourishment for the afternoon and bread for the supper. Their evenings were once in a while taken up by working in the nursery, reclamation, or taking grain to the mill operator (Young, 2010). Other than being an every day house spouse, her point in time likewise was occasional, as she needed to lift the livestock, cause hotdog, to look after bacon, and far reaching the sewing of garments. The outstanding burden clearly didnt get simpler for the ladies. They likewise needed to deal with their own kids too (Stoff, 2008). There job was even cruel then that of men, they were just answerable for income however European ladies needs to hold those profit to alter their life as per the ideal cash. At the beginning or origin of the twentieth century, the musings or thoughts of nineteenth century regarding the matter of the different, and indisputably confusing, natures of people, which had been additionally overstated by the modern insurgency in characterizing electronic physical work as the region or region of men and the residential obligations as the normal or characteristic space of ladies, men and womens connections to and with one another notwithstanding society change (Helms, 1997). It was on the grounds that they have understood the significance of ladies and the force they have, so a characteristic idea give the idea that the person who bolsters in emergencies can bolster all through life. Notwithstanding that ladies had additionally chosen to never limit them inside the limits of house and to work alongside men (Radek, 2006). Legislature of Europe at that point propelled Equal Employment Opportunities Plan as to access to business, proficient preparing and vocation advancement. It was then proposed to have equivalent votes of ladies in dynamic, ladies workforce to increase most extreme power and investment of ladies in science look into was made mandatory. Talking as far as authentic time of wars then European ladies assumed an essential job by supporting manufacturing plants that is they went to work rather than men as all men were drafted into European armed forces. Ladies were the main soul to fill the financial and social needs that was performed by men going before the war (Young, 2010). Because of the seriousness of World War I ladies as well as youngsters endured too, they shed their blood, they endeavor from hunger however never redirect or change their confidence. A portion of the bold ladies had chosen to move along the front line so as to serve their militaries, so a gathering of Aristocratic medical attendants and Austro-Hungarian POW Relief went to help them yet there they become cripple since they didn't appreciate the positive reaction from the armed forces (Rubio, 2011). These ladies were not in advantageous clinical positions aide to male workforce, but instead they were in places of power and force allocated with the errand of providing details regarding the states of the POWs inside the camps and guaranteeing their devotion to the Austro-Hungarian government. It was accounted for that during war times, men frequently thought that it was unpredictable to acknowledge ladies as a guardian who were working outside their homes (Helms, 1997). Other than this ladies battled for their character as an individual since German Nazi and Italian Fascist which were driven by Great Adolf Hitler and Mussolini separately had plainly tended to that job of ladies is just to create more kids, yet Modern Feminist Movement which was driven by Wollstonecraft remained alongside ladies to bring Industrial Revolution. Ladies entered the workforce in immense numbers and a dominant part remained in the workforce after the war (Tudor, 2000). At the very commencement ladies confronted troubles; there were modest number of ladies units. A few radicals were against their work so they ruthlessly assaulted the individuals who work in industrial facilities, ladies assaults; executing and hijacking were regular in that period. Not long after watching the fear mongering against ladies, commonplace government set up casting a ballot benefits for ladies so as to encase that from now onwards ladies will have total rights to cast a ballot alongside few social rights (Stoff, 2008). It was then remembered for Code of Communism that there will be no distinction among people; the two of them convey equivalent rights and both can cooperate as per their degree of abilities. European ladies likewise hand round as troopers during the Russian Revolution and later World War II. After the defiance, ladies hold rights to have equivalent open doors as far as training (Young, 2010). They become permitted to go to establishment of advanced education and to work in all fields of business. The state opened the entryways for clinical consideration, training, and day-care for all ladies. By increasing a differentiated degree of information job of ladies in French society had reached at its pinnacle. They speak to themselves as a solid player in each field. Due to having enough instruction they shape themselves as an autonomous body that have their own character and served Europe as being experts (Radek, 2006). Consistently, high society ladies initiated salons which are considered as most substantial work for unpracticed one and however they were unpracticed and less roused to talk or discussion yet they had satisfied their obligations by welcoming educated people, researchers and thinkers to share their experience and to characterize the fundamental approaches to have a fruitful existence. Other than monetary steadiness they develop social associations between those rationalists and th
Thursday, August 13, 2020
IThe Difference In Life Expectancy Is Related To A Number Of Heath
IThe Difference In Life Expectancy Is Related To A Number Of Heath IThe Difference In Life Expectancy Is Related To A Number Of Heath Issues, One Being Type 2 Diabetes â" Essay Example > IntroductionAccording to the World Health Organization health does not necessary mean the absence of illness or disease but it is the state of absolute physical, social and mental welfare (Australia Institute of Health and Welfare 2007). Eating health, exercising regularly and getting enough sleep play a significant role in disease prevention. However, a good social network, higher self esteem and continued personal growth also play an important role in our overall health. It has been observed that the Aboriginal people face more health difficulties than the other Australians. They have low life expectancy and experience more cases of disability and deteriorating quality of life. In 2003 it was estimated that 95,976 Aboriginal people in Australia suffer from numerous diseases and injuries. This represented 3.6% of the total number of disease and injury in Australia for a class of people that makes up to 2.5% of the total population. They mostly suffered from cardiovascular disease s, diabetes, chronic respiratory, cancer and mental disorders (Australian Institute of health and welfare 2008). This essay will tend to explain the factors which have contributed to the general decline in health among the Aboriginal people and at the end, come up with solutions to these health problems. The primary factors contributing to the decrease in the health of the Aboriginal people are socioeconomic factors, behavioral factors and environmental factors. We are be able to control some of these factors which influence our health and well being where as some are beyond or control capabilities (AIHW 2007). These factors are discussed below in detail; Socioeconomic factorsSocioeconomic factors have significant impact on the health and wellbeing of the Aboriginal people in Australia. Aboriginal people have lower incomes, low rates of employment, high rates of illiteracy and lower rates of home ownership than the other Australians (AIHW 2008). Aboriginal people are socioeconomic ally disadvantaged and so they are likely to engage in health risk behaviors such as smoking and drinking alcohol and violence which make them more vulnerable to certain diseases. For the period 1960-2001, it was estimated that the life expectancy of the Aboriginal people was 59 years for the men and 65 years for the women. This could only correspond to the life expectancy for the Australian men inhabitants in 1901 -1910 and the women inhabitants in 1920-1922 respectively. In contrast, the life expectancy for all Australians for the period 1998-2004 was 77 years for men and 82 years for women. This represented a disparity of almost 17 years (ABS 2006a). Education has impacted negatively on the general health of the Aboriginals. Lower levels of education are linked with lower income and low employment opportunities and vice versa (Raphael 2004). Lowly educated people or the so termed illiterate people have low skills and knowledge to lead a good health lifestyle and are also not in a position to have access to enhanced health care services. Most Aboriginals people are poorly educated and hence suffer from poor health (ABS 2006g). The other socioeconomic factor which impacts on the health of the Aboriginal people is employment. There are low rates of employment among the Aboriginal people (Raphael 2004). There has been higher rate of diseases, disabilities and mortality reported among unemployed people than among employed people (ABS 2006a). This is because unemployed people are not in a position to buy healthy goods and services such as nourishing food, afford a good house and quality health care which makes them suffers poor health. High rates of depression and low self esteem has been recorded among unemployed people due to the psychological and social effects associated with unemployment (AIHW 2007). There is also a strong relationship between occupation and health for those people who are employed. People who work in labor-intensive and jobs which requir e low skills are likely to experience ill health, more disability and higher mortality rates than people in management career (Marmot 2004). Most aboriginal people work in blue collar jobs which involve low skills and are poorly paid. These jobs also expose them to high risks of physical hazards such as collapsing of a quarry or land slides (Raphael 2004).
Sunday, June 21, 2020
The Cognitive and Behavioral Effects of Lead Exposure - Free Essay Example
On Friday, November 9, 2018, a Chicago Tribune headline read Firm Cited for Lead in Tainted Indy Areas (Hawthorne, 2018, p. 4). The story discusses the lead contamination in northwest Indiana. It details the role government officials played in allowing this exposure to continuously be a problem throughout the past few years. Now, air quality levels in the area are twice the legal limit according to the standards set by the Environmental Protection Agency. The article refers to lead as a brain-damaging metal that has the capability to permanently damage the developing brains of children (Hawthorne, 2018). This article focuses on the negligence of government officials in attending to the lead exposure problem in this area. However, lead exposure is not limited to one area, and Indiana government officials are not the only ones ignoring a prevalent environmental issue. Lead exposure is an important national and international issue. Researchers publish new studies each year increasing the knowledge regarding the adverse effects of lead. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) previously declared certain blood lead levels safe for children and adults. This safe level has continuously been reduced over the years. As Ris, Dietrich, Succop, Berger, Bornschein (2003) note, in 1970, the blood-lead level of exposure considered dangerous was 60g/dL or higher. In 1971, it became 40g/dL, and in 1978, it decreased to 30g/dL. By 1985, the highest acceptable level was 25g/dL (Ris et. al., 2003). Earlier studies used this benchmark number to determine that adverse effects occur well below this 25g/dL amount (Bellinger, Leviton, Waternuax, Needleman, Rabinowitz, 1987). More recent studies have continued to find harmful effects of lead exposure at even lower levels. The safe level was reduced to 10g/dL in 1991 (Dietrich, Berger, Succop, Hammond, Bornschein, 1993). Currently, the CDC declares that there is no safe level of lead exposure, especially in young children (Ris et al., 2003). Even with more knowledge regarding the effects of lead on young children, lead exposure is still a problem today. As Hanna-Attisha, LaChance, Sadler, and Schnepp (2016) note in their recent study, in Flint, Michigan blood lead levels have been alarmingly high due to exposure through leaded drinking water pipes. This exposure is again the product of governmental negligence, since officials did not conduct proper testing on the drinking water pipes before changing the supply. Hanna-Attisha et al. (2016) conducted a study that examined the level of the lead exposure in Flint. The study analyzed the blood lead levels of children in the area before and after the water source was contaminated. Hanna-Attisha et al. found that blood lead levels significantly increased after the water source change. In addition, they found no significant difference in blood lead levels in children who lived outside the city and most likely did not drink from the city water supply. Overall, the research conclu ded that elevated blood lead levels (or those above 5g/dL) had significantly increased in Flint-residing children. Blood lead levels at this concentration produce long-lasting adverse behavioral effects and cognitive deficits. Hanna-Attisha et al. portrayed the crisis-level of the situation in Flint by analyzing the blood lead levels confirmed in children living within the city. Perhaps not surprisingly, Hanna-Attisha et al. found the most profound increases in blood lead levels in the lower socioeconomic neighborhoods in Flint (Hanna-Attisha et al., 2016). Environmental lead exposure is a severe public health concern. While the overall national average exposure levels have been steadily declining, the current levels in certain areas of the country, such as northwest Indiana and Flint, Michigan are particularly alarming. Some areas display hotspots for lead exposure. Fergusson, Fergusson, Horwood, Kinzett (1988) conducted the first part of a three-part study to examine whether specific environmental factors such as social disadvantage, exposure to old wooden housing, exposure to busy roads, and pica increased risk of lead exposure. All four environmental factors were significantly associated with higher lead levels and this effect remained when each of the factors was considered independently of the other three. These findings indicate that lower socioeconomic status (SES) groups are more at risk for lead exposure. SES is an important consideration when discussing the results of studies on lead exposure and its impact on cognition and behavior. It will be a covariate included in much of the research outlined in this paper. Lead exposure poses a serious problem in our society today. The effects of early lead exposure can be severe and long-lasting. This paper will focus on the adverse effects of early lead exposure on cognition and behavior. First, it will outline general sources of and outcomes associated with lead exposure, and provide an overview of the impact of lead exposure on brain development, as well as the long-and-short term cognitive deficits and behavioral problems. Next, the paper will turn more specifically to the literature regarding the cognitive effects of lead exposure and the impact of lead on a range of cognitive outcomes in humans and non-human animals. Next, the paper will discuss a range of behavioral effects of lead exposure in non-humans and humans, including hyperactivity, impulsivity, behavioral problems, aggression, and even criminal behavior. Finally, the discussion will integrate the findings from the cognitive and behavioral sections, as well as expand on these findings t o address implications of this research, including those involving SES and current policy about lead exposure.
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